Cross Cultural Evidence for the Fundamental Features of Extraversion
There has yet to be any determining evidence defines the characteristics of
extraversion. The experimenters in this particular experiment have hypothesized
that the facets of extraversion are somehow linked by reward sensitivity. This
hypothesis was also tested against a model in which they are linked by
sociability. There has been much work on this topic in the past, beginning with
the works of Jung and James in the early 20th century—to the work of Watson and
Clark in 1997. And even after a century of study, they are still unable to
truly define the characteristics of the extraversion dimension of personality.
In the many attempts to define extraversion, Watson and Clark have defined six
basic facets of the personality trait. These are: venturesome, affiliation,
positive affectivity, energy, ascendance, and ambition. Researchers Depue and
Collins, in 1999, also offered a more succinct depiction of the characteristics
of extraversion, this only having three basic parts. The first being
affiliation, the enjoyment and value of close interpersonal bonds, also being
warm and affectionate. The second, agency, being socially dominant, enjoying
leadership roles, being assertive and exhibitionistic, and having a sense of
potency in accomplishing goals. The final facet being impuslivity, but this one
has been argued upon whether it should be included at all in the
characteristics of extraversion at all.
Their first study was composed of 443 college students from two large
universities in the Midwest. The participants were offered credit in their
introductory psychology classes in return for their participation. They
completed a questionnaire as part of their participation. 52% of the
participants were men, and 48% were women. 94% were between the ages of 18 and
25. Only the 404 students that had complete data were used to set up the model
that the experimenters formed. The second study tried to show any coincidence
between the findings of American students and international ones. This study
used 6,469 college students from 39 different countries. 83% were between the
ages of 18-25. Only 5,842 completed data sheets were used to form an analysis.
Their results showed that the structure of extraversion can be indentified in
many cultures, and also shows support for the reward sensitivity as core model.
They used many other experiments on this topic as a basis of their research,
and tried to justify these works with their own experimentation.