Extrasensory perception or ESP is the knowledge of external objects or events
without using our five basic senses. People that believe that they have a kind
of ESP are people such as psychics or spiritualists that believe they can
communicate with the dead (Encarta). ESP is a supernatural and is nothing of
the natural world that can be explained.
Most believers in the phenomena of extrasensory perception do not understand
physics at all and maintain that spatial distance is irrelevant to the exercise
of ESP. People often have the tendency to make psychic experiences seem
unusual, out of the ordinary, special, somehow set apart, or frightening
(edgarcayce.org).
Skeptical people of the widespread belief in ESP find themselves having to do
practically nothing. ESP supporters do most of their work for them by dipping
into the sensational, proponents of ESP effectively remove
all believability they might have been able to convey. If their involvement
with TV psychics, mediums and spiritualists was not quite so obvious or
vocal, ESP promoters might well find themselves with a willing market for
their similar things and for their values( wheel.ucdavis.edu ).
Computers and other instruments have been used in the study of ESP. Most
scientists do not believe that ESP exists. These scientists say that thousands
of controlled studies have failed to show any evidence of psychical phenomena,
and that no person has ever successfully demonstrated ESP for independent
investigators(Encarta). Most sciences try to explain observable phenomena, but
parapsychology tries to observe unexplainable phenomena (wheel.ucdavis.edu).
The scientific method of investigation dictates that any observable results
from experimentation be copied under the same sort of circumstances, and also
be copied by investigators other than the original ones provided the
circumstances and environment are the same (wheel.ucdavis.edu).
This is the downfall of all known and described investigation into the
existence of ESP. Research in this area has been characterized by incompetence,
deception and fraud. When properly controlled experiments are done they have
usually yielded negative results, have been unable to demonstrate a single
clear case of psychic power or paranormal phenomena (wheel.ucdavis.edu).
Experimentation following the believer method but performed by nonbelieving
investigators has consistently come up with negative results that have been
criticized by the believing side and vice versa (wheel.ucdavis.edu). Most of
the research into the existence of parapsychological phenomena has had the
effect of proving nothing verifiable, giving the two sides fresh facts and
information with which to attack each other (wheel.ucdavis.edu).
Researchers who say that they have found positive results usually ignore or
rationalize their own studies which don't support their claims, and all limit
their investigations to activities which essentially are parlor
tricks-identifying playing cards (edgarcayce.org).
When researchers do claim to have discovered a true psychic, even they
cannot reproduce the results they claim to have achieved initially, and they
refuse to allow any independent or outside testing of the person
(a2zpsychology.com). Not only do they not take precautions themselves to ensure
the honesty of the subject, they also do not allow anyone else to remove any
doubt (a2zpsychology.com). Such a case was of Hubert Pearce, a minister who
J.B. Rhine and J.G. Pratt, two of the pioneers of paranormal research, claimed
to have correctly identified 25 consecutive cards. Pearce was tested only
twice, and each time was by Rhine and Pratt. Not only did Rhine and Pratt not
take precautions to make sure that Pearce did not cheat, they never had anyone
independently test Pearce. As a result, much of the literature on this topic
deals with integrity: skeptics proposing that cheating was possible and Rhine
and Pratt taking offense that anyone would challenge their integrity or
competence, or of Mr. Pearce. There would not have been any controversy if
Pearce had been tested by others who did not have such an interest in the
perpetuation that paranormal research may yield valuable results some day
(a2zpsychology.com).
A so-called psychic Uri Geller was effectively put out of business by James
Randi. Both Geller and Randi are magicians, but
only Randi admitted to his profession. On talk show after talk show, Randi
set off on a mission to return the practice of magic to the realm of
entertainment after Geller publicly announced to help people choose their
actions
based on his knowledge of the future. He proved his abilities by bending
spoons and key, something that any true magician can do. Randi exposed the
realities of Geller's proof, collecting some criticism himself from the magic
community in revealing the methods by which two of their favorite illusions
were
accomplished. The community did realize acknowledging that Randi
was indeed performing a service by exposing Geller at every opportunity
(csj.org).
Today we have occurrences that are not explainable in a way that we can
understand in our natural world and we call them supernaturals. We call them
supernaturals because we do not have enough information to resolve these
phenomena. One day some of these things may be resolved and there will be
enough evidence such occurrences are real. Most so-called psychic or
supernatural phenomena can be explained by known natural laws but those who
cannot think clearly refuse to accept naturalistic explanations of their pet
psychic phenomena (wheel.ucdavis.edu.).
WORK CITED
“Extrasensory Perception.” Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia
2000. CD-ROM. Microsoft. 2000.
Hefner, Alan G. ”Telepathy.” The Mystica 18 March 2002:
Online. Internet. 16 March 2002. Available:
www.themystica.com/mystica/articles/t/telepathy.html
“Spiritualism.” Eternal Spirit. 19 July 1999: Online.
Internet. 16 March 2002. Available:
www.eternal.ndirect.co.uk
“Spiritualism.” 2002: Online. Internet. 16 March 2002.
Available: www.ellenwhite.org.egw54.htm
Carroll, Robert Todd. “Clairvoyance.” The Skeptic’s
Dictionary 30 Dec 2001: Online. Internet. 16 March 2002.
Available: www.skepdic.com/clairvoy.html
“Clairvoyance.” Sanctuary’s Garden 31 Oct 1999: Online.
Internet. 18 March 2002. Available:
www.webdg.com/santuari/clairvoy.html